2017临沂市中考英语复习语法考点精讲+真题精炼:非谓语动词
考点一 动名词的用法
动名词由动词原形+-ing构成,与现在分词形式一样。 但动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
1. 动名词作主语
动名词作主语时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如:
Smoking is harmful. 吸烟是有害的。
Drinking milk is good for your health.
喝牛奶对你的健康有益。
Getting up early is good for your health.
早起对你的健康有益。
2. 动名词作表语
动名词作表语时可以转换为动名词作主语。如:
The nurse’s job is looking after the patients.
=Looking after the patients is the nurse’s job.
护士的工作就是护理病人。
3. 动名词作宾语
有些动词后面必须用动名词作宾语,而不能跟不定式或分词。常见的这类动词有mind,finish,enjoy,practice,keep,miss,consider,suggest等。如:
Would you mind my smoking? 你介意我抽烟吗?
I finished doing my homework. 我做完作业了。
【巧学妙记】只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)列举:
完成、实践、值得忙(finish,practice,be worth,be busy);
继续、习惯、别放弃(keep,be used to,give up);
考虑、建议、不禁想(consider,suggest,can’t help,feel like);
喜欢、思念、要介意(enjoy,miss,mind)。
例1 The shoes are worn out;what’s more,they aren’t worth .
A. to mend B. mending
C. mended D. for mending
解析:句意:这鞋穿坏了,而且它们不值得修了。be worth doing值得做。故选B。
答案:B
例2 Nick,would you mind those old jeans? They look terrible.
A. not to wear B. not wear
C. wearing not D. not wearing
解析:mind后面跟动名词,否定形式为mind not doing。故选D。 答案:D
4. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语时,表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等,一般置于被修饰的词前。如:
He slept in the sleeping bag.
他在睡袋里睡觉。
She is reading in the reading room.
她在阅览室里看书。
5. 短语后的动名词和固定搭配中的动名词
能接动名词的短语有很多,初中阶段常见的有: be busy(忙于),be worth(值得),can’t help(禁不住),give up(放弃),be used to(习惯于),stop/prevent/keep... from(阻止),look forward to(盼望),feel like(想要),think of,spend... (in)(花费……做某事),be good at(擅长),be interested in(对……感兴趣),succeed in(成功)等。如:
Were the Blacks used to living here?
布莱克一家住在这儿习惯吗?
Lucy looked forward to getting beautiful birthday presents. 露西盼望得到漂亮的生日礼物。
例1 用所给动词的适当形式填空
The strange cup was used for (drink)wine.
解析:be used for“用于……”,后用动名词作宾语。 答案:drinking
例2 ―Tom prefers to .
―Let’s ask him to take part in our dancing club!
A. singing;dancing B. dancing;singing
C. to sing;dance
解析:在本对?中,由our dancing club可知,汤姆更喜欢跳舞。上句句意:比起唱歌,汤姆更喜欢跳舞。故本题答案为B。 答案:B
考点二 分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词具有主动和正在进行的含义,而过去分词则具有被动和已经完成的含义。分词在句子里可作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1. 分词作表语
现在分词作表语时,表示主语的性质、特征;过去分词作表语时,表示人的心理、精神状态,即喜怒哀乐等。如:
The movie was exciting. 这电影激动人心。
He was very surprised at the news.
他对这个消息很吃惊。
例 The book is . Most of the teachers are in it.
A. interesting;interested
B. interesting;interesting
C. interested;interesting
D. interested;interested
解析:句意:这本书很有趣。大多数老师对它很感兴趣。第一句的主语为book,用interesting作表语,表示其特征;第二句的主语为teachers,用interested作表语,表示人的心理。答案选A。 答案:A
2. 分词作宾语补足语
(1)see,watch,hear,keep,find,notice等动词后可以用分词作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行。句子的宾语是现在分词的逻辑主语,它们之间存在主动关系。而过去分词作宾语补足语时,与宾语之间是被动关系。如:
I found him reading a novel.
我发现他在看小说。
I found him crowded by boys.
我发现他被男孩们围着。
(2)have/get sth. done表示“让别人做某事”,其中的过去分词作宾语补足语。如:
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.
明天我将让人理发。
I must get my bike repaired.
我必须让人修理我的自行车。
3. 分词作定语
分词作定语时,单个分词放在被修饰的名词前;分词短语则须置于被修饰的名词之后。如:
The swimming boy called out to her,but she didn’t hear him. 正在游泳的男孩朝她喊叫,但她没有听见。
The broken window needs repairing.
那扇破窗户需要修理。
Do you know the boy standing at the door?
你认识站在门口的那个男孩吗?
The car bought by my father is made in Germany.
我爸爸买的那辆汽车是德国生产的。
4. 分词作状语
分词作状语时,主要表示时间、原因、条件、结果等情况。如:
They went out of the classroom,talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出了教室。(伴随状语)
The car,hit badly,can’t move at all. 那辆汽车由于被撞得很严重,根本无法移动。(原因状语)
考点三 动词不定式
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语等。
1. 作主语
To travel around China is my dream.
环游中国是我的梦想。
It’s our duty to clean the classroom.
打扫教室是我们的责任。
【注意】(1)动词不定式短语作句子主语时,谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。
(2)不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,把真正的主语放在句末,即 “It is+adj. /n. +to do sth. ”。
例 ―I often have hamburgers for lunch.
―You’d better not. It’s bad for you too much junk food.
A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. ate
解析:it为形式主语,动词不定式to eat too much junk food 作真正的主语。 答案:B
2. 作表语
不定式作表语时,主要表示愿望、责任、义务等,一般可转化为动词不定式作主语。如:
His wish is to be a policeman.
=To be a policeman is his wish.
当一名警察是他的愿望。
3. 作宾语
decide(决定),would like(想要),hope(希望),plan(计划;打算),want(想要)等后跟动词不定式作宾语。如:
We agreed to start early. 我们答应早点动身。
They planned to go hiking.
他们计划去徒步旅行。
【巧学妙记】后可跟to do作宾语的动词(短语)列举:
想要、拒绝、忘记(want/would like,refuse,forget);
需要、努力、学习(need,try,learn);
喜欢、同意、帮助(like,agree,help);
希望、决定、开始(hope/wish,decide,begin/start)。
【注意】动词不定式作宾语时,后面如果是形容词作宾补,通常用it作形式宾语,而把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后。如:
The man found it difficult to get to sleep.
那个人发觉很难入睡。
例 Tony wants a job as a language teacher in China.
A. to find B. finding C. find
解析:动词want后跟不定式作宾语,构成want to do sth. 结构,意为“想做某事”。 答案:A
4. 作宾语补足语
常见的接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:tell(告诉),ask(请求),want(想要),order(命令),teach(教),invite(邀请),prefer(更喜欢),allow(允许),wish(希望)等。如:
I told him not to draw on the wall.
我告诉他别在墙上画画。
My brother taught me to read when I was three.
我三岁时,我哥哥就教我读书。
We wish her to go to a good college.
我们希望她能上一所好大学。
例1 Parents often ask us water in our life.
A. save B. saving C. to save D. saves
解析:ask sb. to do sth. 表示“让/请求某人做某事”,为固定结构。 答案:C
例2 Take time to relax by listening to music,reading a book or just spending some time alone. Relaxing allows you to your students with more energy.
A. return B. to return C. returning
解析:allow sb. to do sth. “允许某人做某事”,动词allow后用不定式作宾补。 答案:B
【注意】在使役动词make,let,have和感官动词“三眼”――see(看),watch(观看),notice(注意);“两耳”――hear(听见),listen to(听);“一感觉”feel(感觉)等动词后面,不定式作宾语补足语时,要省略to。但在变为被动语态时,要加上to。help后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式既可带to,也可不带to。如: