一、自主定向

Find some adverbial clauses we have learnt before with

1. You’ve been happy since I first met you.(P48)

2. Spud remained in another basketball league for about a year till/until the NBA took notice of him.(P51)

3. Until his dream came true, Spud never gave up. (P55)

4. Do not wake me up until you finish your work.(P48)

5. It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face. (牛津八年级下U4)

6. I’ve lived here since I was born. (牛津八年级下U1)

7. They’ll say “excuse me” and be polite enough to wait till you move. (牛津八年级下U5)

二、合作交流

Step 1Presentation

1.since, till和until常用来引导时间状语从句。如：

Mr Brown has been in Beijing since you left.

自从你离开，布朗先生就一直待在北京。

I worked till/until he came back.

我一直工作到他回来为止

2.   since意思是“自从……以来”。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。如：

They have been friends since they were at primary school.

他们从小学起就一直是好朋友。

 (1)接时间点：

如 I have stayed in that country since 1995.

要求：谓v.用现在完成时，而且须是延续性动词。

(2)接一段时间 + ago：

如 They have lived in that house since two years ago.

要求：谓v.用现在完成时，而且须是延续性动词。

(3)接时间状语从句：

如 I have loved her since I met her last time. / Lily has stayed at home since she left school. 要求：主句的谓v.用现在完成时，而且须是延续性动词；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。

(4)用于句型“It’s / It has been + 一段时间 + since + 时状语从句”中，译作“自从…以来, 已经…(时间)了”。如

 It’s / has been three months since he moved to this city要求：主句的谓v.用一般现在时或现在完成时；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。

(5)用于句型“一段时间 +  has passed since + 时间状语从句”中，译作“自从…以来, …(时间)已经过去了”。如上个例句还可写成：

   Three months has passed since he moved to this city.

要求：主句的谓v.用现在完成时，而且动词必须是has passed；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。

( 6)相关词组：“从那时起”：ever since、since then、from then on.

注:ever since作为一个词组,放句尾可单独使用  如:

I have given up smoking ever since.

另外，还可在since后接句子。since前加ever，只是加重语气而已。如:

I have given up smoking ever since I caught a bad cough.

3. till和until意思是 “到……为止” ，一般情况下两者可以互换。until可以放在句首或句中，而till不可以用在句首。

注意：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式，即“not…until”结构，意思是“直到……才（开始）”。如

Walk till/until you see a white house.

一直走到你看到一座白房子为止。

I did not go to bed until I finished my homework.

直到做完作业我才上床睡觉。

句首通常只用until,不用till。例如：

 1). Until then, I knew nothing at all about it.

     在那之前，我对此事一无所知。

 2). Until you told me I had no idea of it.

      在你告诉我之前，我对此一无所知。

用于“not...until...”的句式可以转换成when 或after引导

  时间状语从句，但主句必须要用肯定形式。例如：

 1).They didn't get off until the train came to a complete stop.

=They got off after  the train came to a complete stop. 火车停了他们才下车。

 2). The student won't come into the classroom until the teachers finish their work.

=The students will come into the classroom when the teachers finish their work.

   当老师们完成工作时，学生们将走进教室。

Step 2 Exercise

Here are more sentences from David’s diary entry. Complete his sentences with since, till or until. (P55)