alentine's Day has become the day for love in American culture, when sweethearts buy cards, candy, flowers, and romantic dinners to prove their devotion to the one they adore.  Like many other common holidays, however, Valentine's Day has roots in the ancient festivals of our European ancestors.

Fertility and Love Among the Romans
The holiday of romance has roots in an ancient Roman fertility rite known as the Lupercalia.  Celebrated on Feb. 15th, the Lupercalia was a fertility rite in honor of the gods Lupercus, Faunus (associated with Pan) and the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus.  The celebration began at the Lupercal cave, where the wolf Lupa was said to have suckled the infant Romulus and Remus.  Afterward, priests would sacrifice a goat (symbol of fertility) and a dog (symbol of protection) to the gods, anoint themselves with the blood, and run through the streets whipping onlookers with a thong made from the goat's skin. The whipping was believed to help ease childbirth and promote fertility.

Also during the festival, young men would draw the names of eligible girls from a pot or urn.  These couples would be paired up until the next Lupercalia, often in intimate ways.  This drawing of Valentine lots continued into the Middle Ages in Europe.  The young man would wear the slip bearing his Valentine's name on his sleeve, and attend to the lady with flowers, gifts, and words of affection.

The Real St. Valentine
As Christianity became more prevalent, the celebration of love became associated with the patron saint of love and couples - St. Valentine.  No one has verified the original Valentine to whom the day is dedicated, although two likely candidates have emerged.  One Valentine, a priest during the reign of Emperor Claudius, was jailed for secretly marrying couples in defiance of orders from the Emperor that all marriages be stopped. This Valentine was jailed and died in prison for his devotion ot love.

Another Valentine was jailed for helping Christians during the 3rd century AD.  In prison, he fell in love with the jailers daughter and cured her of blindness.  He was executed on February 14th, 289 AD.  All of the Valentine stories were finally combined, and in 496 Pope Gelasius declared Feb. 14th in honor of St. Valentine.

Birds and Love
Europeans also believe that Feb. 14th is the day when birds begin to choose their mates.  Chaucer, Shakespeare, and numerous other poets mention the tradition in their work.  In accordance with the tradition, it is believed that a young girl will be able to tell what type of man she will marry based upon the first bird that she sees on Valentine's Day. The birds, and their associations, include: 

Blackbird	A Clergyman or Priest
Robin Redbreast	Sailor or Nautical man
Goldfinch (or any yellow bird)	A rich man
Sparrow	A farmer or country gentleman
Bluebird	A happy man
Crossbill	An argumentative man
Dove	A good man
Woodpecker	No husband

More on Valentine's Day

The Origins of Valentine's Day
From Valentine Be Mine!  A look at the many origins of the celebration known today as Valentine's Day.

Antique Valentines
From the University of Southern Mississippi.  Browsing through this collection of Victorian era valentine cards and trinkets is like finding hidden treasure.

Valentine's Day
From the Mystical WWW.  A look at the mystical origins of 'V-Day' and the divinations used to find one's true love associated with the holiday.