英语里主语常用人称和非人称两种形式来表达。用非人称主语表达时,往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”。而汉语则较常用人称主语表达,侧重“什么人怎么样了”。
如:1。A terrible thought suddenly struck me -----had I locked the door?
我突然产生了一个可怕的想法---我锁门了吗?
2。A strange peace came over her when she was alone.
她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
英语中非人称作主语的句子主要有两种类型:
1。非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject),表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)表示人或社会团体的动作和行为,如:see,desert,find,bring,witness,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,serve,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,prevent…from等,这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)的修辞色彩(如上面两个例句)。
2。用非人称代词“it”作主语。
例如:It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.
译文:我从没有想到她会这样的不诚实。
英语中的这类句子具备着含蓄幽默、生动活泼、客观公正、简洁凝练、句型多样等特点,所以使用广泛。但是由于汉、英两种语言属于不同的语系,所以在翻译这种无灵主语句时,要考虑到英语的思维方法,然后转换为汉语的思维方法,把句子的内在意义用汉语表达出来。下面就将非人称(impersonal)主语句英译汉的基本方法略作探讨。
一:如果主语暗含着条件、因果、时间、地点、方式等意义时,用人作主语,把原来的主语翻译成各种形式的状语。
例如:The forty years ,1840--1880,brought almost ten million migrants to America.
译文:从1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。
二:当谓语动词是情感型使动词时,如:surprise,disappoint,excite,disturb,inspire,puzzle,annoy,trouble,irritate,shock等;或得失型动词,如:lost,get,gain,take,fail,save,win,leave等,翻译时可保留主语,把谓语动词转译成“使……”结构。
例如:1。The beautiful scenery gained the place quite a reputation .
译文:美景使这个地方颇有名气。
2。Her habit of biting her nails irritates me .
译文:她咬指甲的习惯使我生气。
三:把原句中表示生命概念的词变成主语,引申谓语动词的词义,并采用逆行翻译法。
例如:1。When he had to speak ,his confidence suddenly deserted him.
译文:当他不得不说话时,他突然失去了信心。
2。It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him.
译文:他好象面临着困难的抉择。
四:当有灵动词是某些感官动词,如:see,witness,speak,tell等时,保留无灵主语,引申动词词义。比如,有时可把谓语动词引申为含有“显示”,“表明”,“产生”等意义的词。
例如:The blood-stained glove told of the bandit's crime.
译文:血迹斑斑的手套就是匪徒的罪证。
五:重新确定主语,引申动词词义。
例如:It is generally felt that his appointment was a grave mistake.
译文:现在许多人觉得,当时对他的任命是个严重的错误。
六:译成汉语的无主句。
例如:Rumors had already spread along the street.
译文:大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。
七:由于汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常被用作一种修辞手段----拟人化,所以有些句子我们不妨也采用“拟人化”的汉语句型来表达。
例如:Don't talk to me about no opportunity any more ,opportunity's knocking down every door in the country ,trying to get in.
译文:别说什么机会难逢,机会正在国内挨家挨户敲门,想要进去呢。
此外,英语的“there be”句式及用不定代词“one”作主语的句子也具有非人称倾向,汉译时仍可采用上面提到的技巧。
例如:In 1955,there was a strike participated by six thousand workers.
译文:1955年,六千名工人举行了一次罢工。
好了,今天的内容就讲到这里了,先休息几秒钟,等会进入今天的练习单元。
建议你先深呼吸哦~!------------------------------------(别紧张,:))
根据今天所学的知识,将下列句子英译汉:
1. I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
2. The smalleat excuse would have served.
3. Paying his son's debts left him almost penniless.
4. That night sleep eluded me.
5. The old house has seen better days.
6. Everything at the party spoke of careful planning .
7. The year 1949 witness the founding of the People's Republic of China.
8. The universe is not rich enough to buy the vote of an honest man.
9. The light from the stars started on its journey long time ago.
10.One must be a servant before one can be a master